qwen3.5 wrote physics notes

notes/phys1/phys1_unit1.txt

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+== UNIT 1: KINEMATICS ==
+Scalars vs vectors: magnitude only vs magnitude+direction
+1D motion: track position, velocity, acceleration separately
+Slope of position-time = velocity
+Slope of velocity-time = acceleration
+Area under velocity-time = displacement
+Average velocity = total displacement / total time
+Constant acceleration: use kinematic equations
+Instantaneous velocity = slope of position-time at point
+Reference frames: relative velocity
+Vectors in 2D: add/subtract components, resolve angles
+Projectile: horizontal = constant velocity, vertical = constant acceleration
+Range = v_x*t, max height = v_y^2/(2g)
+Symmetry: time up = time down (launch/land same height)
+Acceleration always points down = g
+Equal time intervals: equal vertical displacement increments

notes/phys1/phys1_unit2.txt

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+== UNIT 2: FORCE AND TRANSLATIONAL DYNAMICS ==
+System: choose boundaries, internal forces cancel
+External forces cause system acceleration
+ΣF = ma (net force = mass x acceleration)
+Free-body diagram: ONLY external forces on chosen object
+Weight = mg (field force)
+Normal force: contact perpendicular, NOT always equal to weight
+Friction: kinetic = μ_k*F_N, static ≤ μ_s*F_N
+Friction opposes motion, direction opposite velocity
+Incline: resolve gravity into parallel (mg sin θ) and perpendicular (mg cos θ)
+Tension: pulls along string/rope, same throughout ideal rope
+Pulley: massless frictionless pulley transmits force unchanged
+Newton's 3rd Law: action-reaction pairs equal opposite different objects
+Mass vs weight: mass constant, weight depends on location
+Equilibrium: ΣF = 0, not necessarily zero velocity
+Terminal velocity: when drag = weight, a = 0, v constant

notes/phys1/phys1_unit3.txt

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+== UNIT 3: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER ==
+Work done: W = F*d*cos(θ) where θ is angle between force and displacement
+Only force component parallel to displacement does work
+Negative work: force opposes motion (friction, air resistance)
+Work-energy theorem: net work = change in kinetic energy
+Kinetic energy: KE = 0.5*m*v^2
+Conservative force: work path independent (gravity, spring)
+Non-conservative force: work path dependent (friction)
+Gravitational PE: PE_g = m*g*Δh (only height change matters)
+Spring PE: PE_s = 0.5*k*x^2 where x is displacement from equilibrium
+Mechanical energy: E = KE + PE
+Conservation of energy: E_initial = E_final (if only conservative forces)
+Non-conservative work: W_nc = ΔKE + ΔPE
+Power: P = W/t (average) or P = F*v (instantaneous)
+Energy transfer via work
+Energy transfers between forms, never created/destroyed

notes/phys1/phys1_unit4.txt

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+== UNIT 4: LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS ==
+Momentum: p = m*v (vector quantity)
+Impulse: J = F_avg*Δt = Δp (change in momentum)
+Impulse-momentum theorem: impulse = momentum change
+Force-time graph area = impulse
+Center of mass: x_cm = Σ(m_i*x_i) / Σm_i
+v_cm = Σ(m_i*v_i) / Σm_i
+Conservation of momentum: Σp_initial = Σp_final (isolated system)
+External force = rate of change of momentum
+Elastic collision: KE conserved AND momentum conserved
+Inelastic collision: momentum conserved, KE NOT conserved
+Perfectly inelastic: objects stick together, max KE loss
+1D vs 2D: use components for 2D collisions
+Explosions: reverse of inelastic collision, momentum conserved
+Internal forces don't change center of mass motion

notes/phys1/phys1_unit5.txt

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+== UNIT 5: TORQUE AND ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS ==
+Torque: τ = r*F*sin(θ) = F_perp*r
+r is distance from pivot to force application point
+Lever arm: perpendicular distance from pivot to force line
+τ = I*α (rotational analog of F = ma)
+Moment of inertia: I = Σ(m_i*r_i^2)
+Parallel axis theorem: I = I_cm + M*d^2
+Rotational KE: KE_rot = 0.5*I*ω^2
+Angular momentum: L = I*ω
+Angular momentum conserved if no external torque
+Rotational work: W = τ*Δθ
+Rotational power: P = τ*ω
+Rolling without slipping: v = r*ω, a = r*α
+Static friction enables rolling
+Angular acceleration same for all points
+Angular velocity same for all points
+Angular momentum: L = m*v*r*sin(θ) for point mass
+Rotational inertia depends on mass distribution

notes/phys1/phys1_unit6.txt

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+== UNIT 6: ENERGY AND MOMENTUM OF ROTATING SYSTEMS ==
+Rotational systems: combine translational + rotational energy
+Rolling objects: total KE = KE_trans + KE_rot
+Solid sphere: I = 0.5*M*R^2
+Hollow sphere: I = 2/3*M*R^2
+Disk/cylinder: I = 0.5*M*R^2
+Hoop: I = M*R^2
+Angular impulse: J_ang = τ*Δt = ΔL
+Angular momentum conserved if Στ_ext = 0
+Collisions of rotating systems
+Rolling friction vs static friction (no slip = static)
+Angular momentum conservation in collisions
+Energy conservation includes rotational terms
+Angular momentum transfer between objects
+Rotational energy transfer via work

notes/phys1/phys1_unit7.txt

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+== UNIT 7: OSCILLATIONS ==
+Simple harmonic motion (SHM): restoring force F = -k*x
+Equilibrium position: net force = 0
+Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium
+Period: time for one complete cycle
+Frequency: f = 1/T cycles per second
+Angular frequency: ω = 2πf
+Spring oscillator period: T_s = 2π*sqrt(m/k)
+Pendulum period: T_p = 2π*sqrt(L/g)
+Simple pendulum: small angles only (<15°)
+Period independent of mass (spring) or amplitude (small angles)
+Energy in SHM: E = 0.5*k*A^2 = 0.5*m*v_max^2
+PE_max = KE_max at equilibrium
+At extremes: v = 0, a = max, PE = max, KE = 0
+At center: a = 0, v = max, PE = min, KE = max
+Damped oscillation: energy loss to friction
+Forced oscillation: driving frequency
+Resonance: driving freq = natural freq
+Period vs frequency inverse relationship

notes/phys1/phys1_unit8.txt

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+== UNIT 8: FLUIDS ==
+Density: ρ = m/V (constant for incompressible)
+Pressure: P = F/A (force perpendicular to surface)
+Pressure increases with depth: P = P_0 + ρ*g*h
+Gauge pressure: P_gauge = ρ*g*h
+Atmospheric pressure: ~1 atm = 1.0E5 Pa = 101 kPa
+Pascal's principle: pressure change transmits equally
+Buoyant force: F_b = ρ_fluid*V_displaced*g
+Archimedes: buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid
+Object floats if ρ_object < ρ_fluid
+Floats submerged if ρ_object = ρ_fluid (neutral buoyancy)
+Sink if ρ_object > ρ_fluid
+Continuity equation: A_1*v_1 = A_2*v_2 (incompressible flow)
+Bernoulli: P_1 + 0.5*ρ*v_1^2 + ρ*g*h_1 = P_2 + 0.5*ρ*v_2^2 + ρ*g*h_2
+High velocity = low pressure
+Torricelli: exit speed = sqrt(2*g*h)
+Ideal fluid: incompressible, non-viscous, laminar
+Streamline flow
+Viscosity: internal friction between fluid layers

notes/phys1/phys1_unit_notes.txt

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+== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 1: KINEMATICS ==
+Scalars vs vectors: magnitude only vs magnitude+direction
+1D motion: track position, velocity, acceleration separately
+Slope of position-time = velocity
+Slope of velocity-time = acceleration
+Area under velocity-time = displacement
+Average velocity = total displacement / total time
+Constant acceleration: use kinematic equations
+Instantaneous velocity = slope of position-time at point
+Reference frames: relative velocity
+Vectors in 2D: add/subtract components, resolve angles
+Projectile: horizontal = constant velocity, vertical = constant acceleration
+Range = v_x*t, max height = v_y^2/(2g)
+Symmetry: time up = time down (launch/land same height)
+Acceleration always points down = g
+Equal time intervals: equal vertical displacement increments
+
+== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 2: FORCE AND TRANSLATIONAL DYNAMICS ==
+System: choose boundaries, internal forces cancel
+External forces cause system acceleration
+ΣF = ma (net force = mass x acceleration)
+Free-body diagram: ONLY external forces on chosen object
+Weight = mg (field force)
+Normal force: contact perpendicular, NOT always equal to weight
+Friction: kinetic = μ_k*F_N, static ≤ μ_s*F_N
+Friction opposes motion, direction opposite velocity
+Incline: resolve gravity into parallel (mg sin θ) and perpendicular (mg cos θ)
+Tension: pulls along string/rope, same throughout ideal rope
+Pulley: massless frictionless pulley transmits force unchanged
+Newton's 3rd Law: action-reaction pairs equal opposite different objects
+Mass vs weight: mass constant, weight depends on location
+Equilibrium: ΣF = 0, not necessarily zero velocity
+Terminal velocity: when drag = weight, a = 0, v constant
+
+== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 3: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER ==
+Work done: W = F*d*cos(θ) where θ is angle between force and displacement
+Only force component parallel to displacement does work
+Negative work: force opposes motion (friction, air resistance)
+Work-energy theorem: net work = change in kinetic energy
+Kinetic energy: KE = 0.5*m*v^2
+Conservative force: work path independent (gravity, spring)
+Non-conservative force: work path dependent (friction)
+Gravitational PE: PE_g = m*g*Δh (only height change matters)
+Spring PE: PE_s = 0.5*k*x^2 where x is displacement from equilibrium
+Mechanical energy: E = KE + PE
+Conservation of energy: E_initial = E_final (if only conservative forces)
+Non-conservative work: W_nc = ΔKE + ΔPE
+Power: P = W/t (average) or P = F*v (instantaneous)
+Energy transfer via work
+Energy transfers between forms, never created/destroyed
+
+== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 4: LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS ==
+Momentum: p = m*v (vector quantity)
+Impulse: J = F_avg*Δt = Δp (change in momentum)
+Impulse-momentum theorem: impulse = momentum change
+Force-time graph area = impulse
+Center of mass: x_cm = Σ(m_i*x_i) / Σm_i
+v_cm = Σ(m_i*v_i) / Σm_i
+Conservation of momentum: Σp_initial = Σp_final (isolated system)
+External force = rate of change of momentum
+Elastic collision: KE conserved AND momentum conserved
+Inelastic collision: momentum conserved, KE NOT conserved
+Perfectly inelastic: objects stick together, max KE loss
+1D vs 2D: use components for 2D collisions
+Explosions: reverse of inelastic collision, momentum conserved
+Internal forces don't change center of mass motion
+
+== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 5: TORQUE AND ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS ==
+Torque: τ = r*F*sin(θ) = F_perp*r
+r is distance from pivot to force application point
+Lever arm: perpendicular distance from pivot to force line
+τ = I*α (rotational analog of F = ma)
+Moment of inertia: I = Σ(m_i*r_i^2)
+Parallel axis theorem: I = I_cm + M*d^2
+Rotational KE: KE_rot = 0.5*I*ω^2
+Angular momentum: L = I*ω
+Angular momentum conserved if no external torque
+Rotational work: W = τ*Δθ
+Rotational power: P = τ*ω
+Rolling without slipping: v = r*ω, a = r*α
+Static friction enables rolling
+Angular acceleration same for all points
+Angular velocity same for all points
+Angular momentum: L = m*v*r*sin(θ) for point mass
+Rotational inertia depends on mass distribution
+
+== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 6: ENERGY AND MOMENTUM OF ROTATING SYSTEMS ==
+Rotational systems: combine translational + rotational energy
+Rolling objects: total KE = KE_trans + KE_rot
+Solid sphere: I = 0.5*M*R^2
+Hollow sphere: I = 2/3*M*R^2
+Disk/cylinder: I = 0.5*M*R^2
+Hoop: I = M*R^2
+Angular impulse: J_ang = τ*Δt = ΔL
+Angular momentum conserved if Στ_ext = 0
+Collisions of rotating systems
+Rolling friction vs static friction (no slip = static)
+Angular momentum conservation in collisions
+Energy conservation includes rotational terms
+Angular momentum transfer between objects
+Rotational energy transfer via work
+
+== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 7: OSCILLATIONS ==
+Simple harmonic motion (SHM): restoring force F = -k*x
+Equilibrium position: net force = 0
+Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium
+Period: time for one complete cycle
+Frequency: f = 1/T cycles per second
+Angular frequency: ω = 2πf
+Spring oscillator period: T_s = 2π*sqrt(m/k)
+Pendulum period: T_p = 2π*sqrt(L/g)
+Simple pendulum: small angles only (<15°)
+Period independent of mass (spring) or amplitude (small angles)
+Energy in SHM: E = 0.5*k*A^2 = 0.5*m*v_max^2
+PE_max = KE_max at equilibrium
+At extremes: v = 0, a = max, PE = max, KE = 0
+At center: a = 0, v = max, PE = min, KE = max
+Damped oscillation: energy loss to friction
+Forced oscillation: driving frequency
+Resonance: driving freq = natural freq
+Period vs frequency inverse relationship
+
+== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 8: FLUIDS ==
+Density: ρ = m/V (constant for incompressible)
+Pressure: P = F/A (force perpendicular to surface)
+Pressure increases with depth: P = P_0 + ρ*g*h
+Gauge pressure: P_gauge = ρ*g*h
+Atmospheric pressure: ~1 atm = 1.0E5 Pa = 101 kPa
+Pascal's principle: pressure change transmits equally
+Buoyant force: F_b = ρ_fluid*V_displaced*g
+Archimedes: buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid
+Object floats if ρ_object < ρ_fluid
+Floats submerged if ρ_object = ρ_fluid (neutral buoyancy)
+Sink if ρ_object > ρ_fluid
+Continuity equation: A_1*v_1 = A_2*v_2 (incompressible flow)
+Bernoulli: P_1 + 0.5*ρ*v_1^2 + ρ*g*h_1 = P_2 + 0.5*ρ*v_2^2 + ρ*g*h_2
+High velocity = low pressure
+Torricelli: exit speed = sqrt(2*g*h)
+Ideal fluid: incompressible, non-viscous, laminar
+Streamline flow
+Viscosity: internal friction between fluid layers