diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit1.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d42d3b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +== UNIT 1: KINEMATICS == +Scalars vs vectors: magnitude only vs magnitude+direction +1D motion: track position, velocity, acceleration separately +Slope of position-time = velocity +Slope of velocity-time = acceleration +Area under velocity-time = displacement +Average velocity = total displacement / total time +Constant acceleration: use kinematic equations +Instantaneous velocity = slope of position-time at point +Reference frames: relative velocity +Vectors in 2D: add/subtract components, resolve angles +Projectile: horizontal = constant velocity, vertical = constant acceleration +Range = v_x*t, max height = v_y^2/(2g) +Symmetry: time up = time down (launch/land same height) +Acceleration always points down = g +Equal time intervals: equal vertical displacement increments \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit2.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d08796a --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +== UNIT 2: FORCE AND TRANSLATIONAL DYNAMICS == +System: choose boundaries, internal forces cancel +External forces cause system acceleration +ΣF = ma (net force = mass x acceleration) +Free-body diagram: ONLY external forces on chosen object +Weight = mg (field force) +Normal force: contact perpendicular, NOT always equal to weight +Friction: kinetic = μ_k*F_N, static ≤ μ_s*F_N +Friction opposes motion, direction opposite velocity +Incline: resolve gravity into parallel (mg sin θ) and perpendicular (mg cos θ) +Tension: pulls along string/rope, same throughout ideal rope +Pulley: massless frictionless pulley transmits force unchanged +Newton's 3rd Law: action-reaction pairs equal opposite different objects +Mass vs weight: mass constant, weight depends on location +Equilibrium: ΣF = 0, not necessarily zero velocity +Terminal velocity: when drag = weight, a = 0, v constant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit3.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0f77c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +== UNIT 3: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER == +Work done: W = F*d*cos(θ) where θ is angle between force and displacement +Only force component parallel to displacement does work +Negative work: force opposes motion (friction, air resistance) +Work-energy theorem: net work = change in kinetic energy +Kinetic energy: KE = 0.5*m*v^2 +Conservative force: work path independent (gravity, spring) +Non-conservative force: work path dependent (friction) +Gravitational PE: PE_g = m*g*Δh (only height change matters) +Spring PE: PE_s = 0.5*k*x^2 where x is displacement from equilibrium +Mechanical energy: E = KE + PE +Conservation of energy: E_initial = E_final (if only conservative forces) +Non-conservative work: W_nc = ΔKE + ΔPE +Power: P = W/t (average) or P = F*v (instantaneous) +Energy transfer via work +Energy transfers between forms, never created/destroyed \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit4.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cfdceb --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +== UNIT 4: LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS == +Momentum: p = m*v (vector quantity) +Impulse: J = F_avg*Δt = Δp (change in momentum) +Impulse-momentum theorem: impulse = momentum change +Force-time graph area = impulse +Center of mass: x_cm = Σ(m_i*x_i) / Σm_i +v_cm = Σ(m_i*v_i) / Σm_i +Conservation of momentum: Σp_initial = Σp_final (isolated system) +External force = rate of change of momentum +Elastic collision: KE conserved AND momentum conserved +Inelastic collision: momentum conserved, KE NOT conserved +Perfectly inelastic: objects stick together, max KE loss +1D vs 2D: use components for 2D collisions +Explosions: reverse of inelastic collision, momentum conserved +Internal forces don't change center of mass motion \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit5.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39632b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +== UNIT 5: TORQUE AND ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS == +Torque: τ = r*F*sin(θ) = F_perp*r +r is distance from pivot to force application point +Lever arm: perpendicular distance from pivot to force line +τ = I*α (rotational analog of F = ma) +Moment of inertia: I = Σ(m_i*r_i^2) +Parallel axis theorem: I = I_cm + M*d^2 +Rotational KE: KE_rot = 0.5*I*ω^2 +Angular momentum: L = I*ω +Angular momentum conserved if no external torque +Rotational work: W = τ*Δθ +Rotational power: P = τ*ω +Rolling without slipping: v = r*ω, a = r*α +Static friction enables rolling +Angular acceleration same for all points +Angular velocity same for all points +Angular momentum: L = m*v*r*sin(θ) for point mass +Rotational inertia depends on mass distribution \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit6.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fdce63 --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +== UNIT 6: ENERGY AND MOMENTUM OF ROTATING SYSTEMS == +Rotational systems: combine translational + rotational energy +Rolling objects: total KE = KE_trans + KE_rot +Solid sphere: I = 0.5*M*R^2 +Hollow sphere: I = 2/3*M*R^2 +Disk/cylinder: I = 0.5*M*R^2 +Hoop: I = M*R^2 +Angular impulse: J_ang = τ*Δt = ΔL +Angular momentum conserved if Στ_ext = 0 +Collisions of rotating systems +Rolling friction vs static friction (no slip = static) +Angular momentum conservation in collisions +Energy conservation includes rotational terms +Angular momentum transfer between objects +Rotational energy transfer via work \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit7.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f213cf --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +== UNIT 7: OSCILLATIONS == +Simple harmonic motion (SHM): restoring force F = -k*x +Equilibrium position: net force = 0 +Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium +Period: time for one complete cycle +Frequency: f = 1/T cycles per second +Angular frequency: ω = 2πf +Spring oscillator period: T_s = 2π*sqrt(m/k) +Pendulum period: T_p = 2π*sqrt(L/g) +Simple pendulum: small angles only (<15°) +Period independent of mass (spring) or amplitude (small angles) +Energy in SHM: E = 0.5*k*A^2 = 0.5*m*v_max^2 +PE_max = KE_max at equilibrium +At extremes: v = 0, a = max, PE = max, KE = 0 +At center: a = 0, v = max, PE = min, KE = max +Damped oscillation: energy loss to friction +Forced oscillation: driving frequency +Resonance: driving freq = natural freq +Period vs frequency inverse relationship \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit8.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53bfd60 --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +== UNIT 8: FLUIDS == +Density: ρ = m/V (constant for incompressible) +Pressure: P = F/A (force perpendicular to surface) +Pressure increases with depth: P = P_0 + ρ*g*h +Gauge pressure: P_gauge = ρ*g*h +Atmospheric pressure: ~1 atm = 1.0E5 Pa = 101 kPa +Pascal's principle: pressure change transmits equally +Buoyant force: F_b = ρ_fluid*V_displaced*g +Archimedes: buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid +Object floats if ρ_object < ρ_fluid +Floats submerged if ρ_object = ρ_fluid (neutral buoyancy) +Sink if ρ_object > ρ_fluid +Continuity equation: A_1*v_1 = A_2*v_2 (incompressible flow) +Bernoulli: P_1 + 0.5*ρ*v_1^2 + ρ*g*h_1 = P_2 + 0.5*ρ*v_2^2 + ρ*g*h_2 +High velocity = low pressure +Torricelli: exit speed = sqrt(2*g*h) +Ideal fluid: incompressible, non-viscous, laminar +Streamline flow +Viscosity: internal friction between fluid layers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit_notes.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit_notes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20b598a --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit_notes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 1: KINEMATICS == +Scalars vs vectors: magnitude only vs magnitude+direction +1D motion: track position, velocity, acceleration separately +Slope of position-time = velocity +Slope of velocity-time = acceleration +Area under velocity-time = displacement +Average velocity = total displacement / total time +Constant acceleration: use kinematic equations +Instantaneous velocity = slope of position-time at point +Reference frames: relative velocity +Vectors in 2D: add/subtract components, resolve angles +Projectile: horizontal = constant velocity, vertical = constant acceleration +Range = v_x*t, max height = v_y^2/(2g) +Symmetry: time up = time down (launch/land same height) +Acceleration always points down = g +Equal time intervals: equal vertical displacement increments + +== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 2: FORCE AND TRANSLATIONAL DYNAMICS == +System: choose boundaries, internal forces cancel +External forces cause system acceleration +ΣF = ma (net force = mass x acceleration) +Free-body diagram: ONLY external forces on chosen object +Weight = mg (field force) +Normal force: contact perpendicular, NOT always equal to weight +Friction: kinetic = μ_k*F_N, static ≤ μ_s*F_N +Friction opposes motion, direction opposite velocity +Incline: resolve gravity into parallel (mg sin θ) and perpendicular (mg cos θ) +Tension: pulls along string/rope, same throughout ideal rope +Pulley: massless frictionless pulley transmits force unchanged +Newton's 3rd Law: action-reaction pairs equal opposite different objects +Mass vs weight: mass constant, weight depends on location +Equilibrium: ΣF = 0, not necessarily zero velocity +Terminal velocity: when drag = weight, a = 0, v constant + +== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 3: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER == +Work done: W = F*d*cos(θ) where θ is angle between force and displacement +Only force component parallel to displacement does work +Negative work: force opposes motion (friction, air resistance) +Work-energy theorem: net work = change in kinetic energy +Kinetic energy: KE = 0.5*m*v^2 +Conservative force: work path independent (gravity, spring) +Non-conservative force: work path dependent (friction) +Gravitational PE: PE_g = m*g*Δh (only height change matters) +Spring PE: PE_s = 0.5*k*x^2 where x is displacement from equilibrium +Mechanical energy: E = KE + PE +Conservation of energy: E_initial = E_final (if only conservative forces) +Non-conservative work: W_nc = ΔKE + ΔPE +Power: P = W/t (average) or P = F*v (instantaneous) +Energy transfer via work +Energy transfers between forms, never created/destroyed + +== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 4: LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS == +Momentum: p = m*v (vector quantity) +Impulse: J = F_avg*Δt = Δp (change in momentum) +Impulse-momentum theorem: impulse = momentum change +Force-time graph area = impulse +Center of mass: x_cm = Σ(m_i*x_i) / Σm_i +v_cm = Σ(m_i*v_i) / Σm_i +Conservation of momentum: Σp_initial = Σp_final (isolated system) +External force = rate of change of momentum +Elastic collision: KE conserved AND momentum conserved +Inelastic collision: momentum conserved, KE NOT conserved +Perfectly inelastic: objects stick together, max KE loss +1D vs 2D: use components for 2D collisions +Explosions: reverse of inelastic collision, momentum conserved +Internal forces don't change center of mass motion + +== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 5: TORQUE AND ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS == +Torque: τ = r*F*sin(θ) = F_perp*r +r is distance from pivot to force application point +Lever arm: perpendicular distance from pivot to force line +τ = I*α (rotational analog of F = ma) +Moment of inertia: I = Σ(m_i*r_i^2) +Parallel axis theorem: I = I_cm + M*d^2 +Rotational KE: KE_rot = 0.5*I*ω^2 +Angular momentum: L = I*ω +Angular momentum conserved if no external torque +Rotational work: W = τ*Δθ +Rotational power: P = τ*ω +Rolling without slipping: v = r*ω, a = r*α +Static friction enables rolling +Angular acceleration same for all points +Angular velocity same for all points +Angular momentum: L = m*v*r*sin(θ) for point mass +Rotational inertia depends on mass distribution + +== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 6: ENERGY AND MOMENTUM OF ROTATING SYSTEMS == +Rotational systems: combine translational + rotational energy +Rolling objects: total KE = KE_trans + KE_rot +Solid sphere: I = 0.5*M*R^2 +Hollow sphere: I = 2/3*M*R^2 +Disk/cylinder: I = 0.5*M*R^2 +Hoop: I = M*R^2 +Angular impulse: J_ang = τ*Δt = ΔL +Angular momentum conserved if Στ_ext = 0 +Collisions of rotating systems +Rolling friction vs static friction (no slip = static) +Angular momentum conservation in collisions +Energy conservation includes rotational terms +Angular momentum transfer between objects +Rotational energy transfer via work + +== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 7: OSCILLATIONS == +Simple harmonic motion (SHM): restoring force F = -k*x +Equilibrium position: net force = 0 +Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium +Period: time for one complete cycle +Frequency: f = 1/T cycles per second +Angular frequency: ω = 2πf +Spring oscillator period: T_s = 2π*sqrt(m/k) +Pendulum period: T_p = 2π*sqrt(L/g) +Simple pendulum: small angles only (<15°) +Period independent of mass (spring) or amplitude (small angles) +Energy in SHM: E = 0.5*k*A^2 = 0.5*m*v_max^2 +PE_max = KE_max at equilibrium +At extremes: v = 0, a = max, PE = max, KE = 0 +At center: a = 0, v = max, PE = min, KE = max +Damped oscillation: energy loss to friction +Forced oscillation: driving frequency +Resonance: driving freq = natural freq +Period vs frequency inverse relationship + +== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 8: FLUIDS == +Density: ρ = m/V (constant for incompressible) +Pressure: P = F/A (force perpendicular to surface) +Pressure increases with depth: P = P_0 + ρ*g*h +Gauge pressure: P_gauge = ρ*g*h +Atmospheric pressure: ~1 atm = 1.0E5 Pa = 101 kPa +Pascal's principle: pressure change transmits equally +Buoyant force: F_b = ρ_fluid*V_displaced*g +Archimedes: buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid +Object floats if ρ_object < ρ_fluid +Floats submerged if ρ_object = ρ_fluid (neutral buoyancy) +Sink if ρ_object > ρ_fluid +Continuity equation: A_1*v_1 = A_2*v_2 (incompressible flow) +Bernoulli: P_1 + 0.5*ρ*v_1^2 + ρ*g*h_1 = P_2 + 0.5*ρ*v_2^2 + ρ*g*h_2 +High velocity = low pressure +Torricelli: exit speed = sqrt(2*g*h) +Ideal fluid: incompressible, non-viscous, laminar +Streamline flow +Viscosity: internal friction between fluid layers \ No newline at end of file