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notes/phys1/phys1_unit8.txt

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+== UNIT 8: FLUIDS ==
+Density: ρ = m/V (constant for incompressible)
+Pressure: P = F/A (force perpendicular to surface)
+Pressure increases with depth: P = P_0 + ρ*g*h
+Gauge pressure: P_gauge = ρ*g*h
+Atmospheric pressure: ~1 atm = 1.0E5 Pa = 101 kPa
+Pascal's principle: pressure change transmits equally
+Buoyant force: F_b = ρ_fluid*V_displaced*g
+Archimedes: buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid
+Object floats if ρ_object < ρ_fluid
+Floats submerged if ρ_object = ρ_fluid (neutral buoyancy)
+Sink if ρ_object > ρ_fluid
+Continuity equation: A_1*v_1 = A_2*v_2 (incompressible flow)
+Bernoulli: P_1 + 0.5*ρ*v_1^2 + ρ*g*h_1 = P_2 + 0.5*ρ*v_2^2 + ρ*g*h_2
+High velocity = low pressure
+Torricelli: exit speed = sqrt(2*g*h)
+Ideal fluid: incompressible, non-viscous, laminar
+Streamline flow
+Viscosity: internal friction between fluid layers