chem ap reference sheet

notes/chem/chem_ap-reference.txt

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+== CONSTANTS ==
+h=6.626E-34 J-s (Planck)
+c=2.998E8 m/s (speed of light)
+N_A=6.022E23 mol-1 (Avogadro)
+R=8.314 J/mol-K (gas constant)
+R=0.08206 L-atm/mol-K
+F=96485 C/mol-e (Faraday)
+STP=273.15 K, 1.0 atm, 22.4 L/mol
+
+== WATER ==
+K_w=1.0E-14 (at 25 deg C)
+pK_w=14 = pH + pOH
+K_w = K_a * K_b
+
+== EQUATIONS ==
+Ideal gas: P*V = n*R*T
+Boyle: P_1*V_1 = P_2*V_2
+Dalton: P_tot = P_A + P_B + P_C
+Mole fraction: X_A = moles_A / total_moles
+Partial pressure: P_A = P_tot * X_A
+Molarity: M = n_solute / L_solution
+Density: D = m / V
+KE = 0.5*m*v^2
+
+== KINETICS ==
+[A]_t - [A]_0 = -k*t
+ln([A]_t/[A]_0) = -k*t
+t_1/2 = 0.693/k
+
+== EQUILIBRIUM ==
+K = [C]^c*[D]^d / [A]^a*[B]^b
+K_p uses partial pressures
+pH = -log[H_3O^+]
+pOH = -log[OH^-]
+pH = pK_a + log(A^-/HA)
+
+== THERMO ==
+D_H_rxn = D_H_f_products - D_H_f_reactants
+q = m*c*_T
+D_S_rxn = D_S_products - D_S_reactants
+D_G = D_H - T*D_S
+D_G = -R*T*ln(K)
+D_G = -n*F*E
+
+== ELECTRO =
+E_cell = E_cath - E_anod
+E_cell = E_std - R*T/(n*F)*ln(Q)
+E_cell = E_std - 0.0592/n*log(Q) (at 25 deg C)
+Q = I*t