== UNIT 7: OSCILLATIONS ==
Simple harmonic motion (SHM): restoring force F = -k*x
Equilibrium position: net force = 0
Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium
Period: time for one complete cycle
Frequency: f = 1/T cycles per second
Angular frequency: ω = 2πf
Spring oscillator period: T_s = 2π*sqrt(m/k)
Pendulum period: T_p = 2π*sqrt(L/g)
Simple pendulum: small angles only (<15°)
Period independent of mass (spring) or amplitude (small angles)
Energy in SHM: E = 0.5*k*A^2 = 0.5*m*v_max^2
PE_max = KE_max at equilibrium
At extremes: v = 0, a = max, PE = max, KE = 0
At center: a = 0, v = max, PE = min, KE = max
Damped oscillation: energy loss to friction
Forced oscillation: driving frequency
Resonance: driving freq = natural freq
Period vs frequency inverse relationship