== UNIT 8: FLUIDS ==
Density: ρ = m/V (constant for incompressible)
Pressure: P = F/A (force perpendicular to surface)
Pressure increases with depth: P = P_0 + ρ*g*h
Gauge pressure: P_gauge = ρ*g*h
Atmospheric pressure: ~1 atm = 1.0E5 Pa = 101 kPa
Pascal's principle: pressure change transmits equally
Buoyant force: F_b = ρ_fluid*V_displaced*g
Archimedes: buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid
Object floats if ρ_object < ρ_fluid
Floats submerged if ρ_object = ρ_fluid (neutral buoyancy)
Sink if ρ_object > ρ_fluid
Continuity equation: A_1*v_1 = A_2*v_2 (incompressible flow)
Bernoulli: P_1 + 0.5*ρ*v_1^2 + ρ*g*h_1 = P_2 + 0.5*ρ*v_2^2 + ρ*g*h_2
High velocity = low pressure
Torricelli: exit speed = sqrt(2*g*h)
Ideal fluid: incompressible, non-viscous, laminar
Streamline flow
Viscosity: internal friction between fluid layers