diff --git a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit_notes.txt b/notes/phys1/phys1_unit_notes.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 20b598a..0000000 --- a/notes/phys1/phys1_unit_notes.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,141 +0,0 @@ -== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 1: KINEMATICS == -Scalars vs vectors: magnitude only vs magnitude+direction -1D motion: track position, velocity, acceleration separately -Slope of position-time = velocity -Slope of velocity-time = acceleration -Area under velocity-time = displacement -Average velocity = total displacement / total time -Constant acceleration: use kinematic equations -Instantaneous velocity = slope of position-time at point -Reference frames: relative velocity -Vectors in 2D: add/subtract components, resolve angles -Projectile: horizontal = constant velocity, vertical = constant acceleration -Range = v_x*t, max height = v_y^2/(2g) -Symmetry: time up = time down (launch/land same height) -Acceleration always points down = g -Equal time intervals: equal vertical displacement increments - -== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 2: FORCE AND TRANSLATIONAL DYNAMICS == -System: choose boundaries, internal forces cancel -External forces cause system acceleration -ΣF = ma (net force = mass x acceleration) -Free-body diagram: ONLY external forces on chosen object -Weight = mg (field force) -Normal force: contact perpendicular, NOT always equal to weight -Friction: kinetic = μ_k*F_N, static ≤ μ_s*F_N -Friction opposes motion, direction opposite velocity -Incline: resolve gravity into parallel (mg sin θ) and perpendicular (mg cos θ) -Tension: pulls along string/rope, same throughout ideal rope -Pulley: massless frictionless pulley transmits force unchanged -Newton's 3rd Law: action-reaction pairs equal opposite different objects -Mass vs weight: mass constant, weight depends on location -Equilibrium: ΣF = 0, not necessarily zero velocity -Terminal velocity: when drag = weight, a = 0, v constant - -== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 3: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER == -Work done: W = F*d*cos(θ) where θ is angle between force and displacement -Only force component parallel to displacement does work -Negative work: force opposes motion (friction, air resistance) -Work-energy theorem: net work = change in kinetic energy -Kinetic energy: KE = 0.5*m*v^2 -Conservative force: work path independent (gravity, spring) -Non-conservative force: work path dependent (friction) -Gravitational PE: PE_g = m*g*Δh (only height change matters) -Spring PE: PE_s = 0.5*k*x^2 where x is displacement from equilibrium -Mechanical energy: E = KE + PE -Conservation of energy: E_initial = E_final (if only conservative forces) -Non-conservative work: W_nc = ΔKE + ΔPE -Power: P = W/t (average) or P = F*v (instantaneous) -Energy transfer via work -Energy transfers between forms, never created/destroyed - -== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 4: LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS == -Momentum: p = m*v (vector quantity) -Impulse: J = F_avg*Δt = Δp (change in momentum) -Impulse-momentum theorem: impulse = momentum change -Force-time graph area = impulse -Center of mass: x_cm = Σ(m_i*x_i) / Σm_i -v_cm = Σ(m_i*v_i) / Σm_i -Conservation of momentum: Σp_initial = Σp_final (isolated system) -External force = rate of change of momentum -Elastic collision: KE conserved AND momentum conserved -Inelastic collision: momentum conserved, KE NOT conserved -Perfectly inelastic: objects stick together, max KE loss -1D vs 2D: use components for 2D collisions -Explosions: reverse of inelastic collision, momentum conserved -Internal forces don't change center of mass motion - -== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 5: TORQUE AND ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS == -Torque: τ = r*F*sin(θ) = F_perp*r -r is distance from pivot to force application point -Lever arm: perpendicular distance from pivot to force line -τ = I*α (rotational analog of F = ma) -Moment of inertia: I = Σ(m_i*r_i^2) -Parallel axis theorem: I = I_cm + M*d^2 -Rotational KE: KE_rot = 0.5*I*ω^2 -Angular momentum: L = I*ω -Angular momentum conserved if no external torque -Rotational work: W = τ*Δθ -Rotational power: P = τ*ω -Rolling without slipping: v = r*ω, a = r*α -Static friction enables rolling -Angular acceleration same for all points -Angular velocity same for all points -Angular momentum: L = m*v*r*sin(θ) for point mass -Rotational inertia depends on mass distribution - -== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 6: ENERGY AND MOMENTUM OF ROTATING SYSTEMS == -Rotational systems: combine translational + rotational energy -Rolling objects: total KE = KE_trans + KE_rot -Solid sphere: I = 0.5*M*R^2 -Hollow sphere: I = 2/3*M*R^2 -Disk/cylinder: I = 0.5*M*R^2 -Hoop: I = M*R^2 -Angular impulse: J_ang = τ*Δt = ΔL -Angular momentum conserved if Στ_ext = 0 -Collisions of rotating systems -Rolling friction vs static friction (no slip = static) -Angular momentum conservation in collisions -Energy conservation includes rotational terms -Angular momentum transfer between objects -Rotational energy transfer via work - -== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 7: OSCILLATIONS == -Simple harmonic motion (SHM): restoring force F = -k*x -Equilibrium position: net force = 0 -Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium -Period: time for one complete cycle -Frequency: f = 1/T cycles per second -Angular frequency: ω = 2πf -Spring oscillator period: T_s = 2π*sqrt(m/k) -Pendulum period: T_p = 2π*sqrt(L/g) -Simple pendulum: small angles only (<15°) -Period independent of mass (spring) or amplitude (small angles) -Energy in SHM: E = 0.5*k*A^2 = 0.5*m*v_max^2 -PE_max = KE_max at equilibrium -At extremes: v = 0, a = max, PE = max, KE = 0 -At center: a = 0, v = max, PE = min, KE = max -Damped oscillation: energy loss to friction -Forced oscillation: driving frequency -Resonance: driving freq = natural freq -Period vs frequency inverse relationship - -== AP PHYSICS 1 UNIT 8: FLUIDS == -Density: ρ = m/V (constant for incompressible) -Pressure: P = F/A (force perpendicular to surface) -Pressure increases with depth: P = P_0 + ρ*g*h -Gauge pressure: P_gauge = ρ*g*h -Atmospheric pressure: ~1 atm = 1.0E5 Pa = 101 kPa -Pascal's principle: pressure change transmits equally -Buoyant force: F_b = ρ_fluid*V_displaced*g -Archimedes: buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid -Object floats if ρ_object < ρ_fluid -Floats submerged if ρ_object = ρ_fluid (neutral buoyancy) -Sink if ρ_object > ρ_fluid -Continuity equation: A_1*v_1 = A_2*v_2 (incompressible flow) -Bernoulli: P_1 + 0.5*ρ*v_1^2 + ρ*g*h_1 = P_2 + 0.5*ρ*v_2^2 + ρ*g*h_2 -High velocity = low pressure -Torricelli: exit speed = sqrt(2*g*h) -Ideal fluid: incompressible, non-viscous, laminar -Streamline flow -Viscosity: internal friction between fluid layers \ No newline at end of file